Materials for organic eletroluminescent devices

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to compounds of the formula (1) which are suitable for use in electronic devices, in particular organic electroluminescent devices, and to electronic devices which comprise these compounds.

The present invention relates to a compound of the formula (1), to the use of the compound in an electronic device, and to an electronic device comprising a compound of the formula (1). The present invention furthermore relates to a process for the preparation of a compound of the formula (1) and to a formulation comprising one or more compounds of the formula (1).

The development of functional compounds for use in electronic devices is currently the subject of intensive research. The aim is, in particular, the development of compounds with which improved properties of electronic devices in one or more relevant points can be achieved, such as, for example, power efficiency and lifetime of the device as well as colour coordinates of the emitted light.

In accordance with the present invention, the term electronic device is taken to mean, inter alia, organic integrated circuits (OICs), organic field-effect transistors (OFETs), organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs), organic light-emitting transistors (OLETs), organic solar cells (OSCs), organic optical detectors, organic photoreceptors, organic field-quench devices (OFQDs), organic light-emitting electrochemical cells (OLECs), organic laser diodes (O-lasers) and organic electroluminescent devices (OLEDs).

Of particular interest is the provision of compounds for use in the last-mentioned electronic devices called OLEDs. The general structure and the functional principle of OLEDs are known to the person skilled in the art and are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,539,507.

Further improvements are still necessary with respect to the performance data of OLEDs, in particular with a view to broad commercial use, for example in display devices or as light sources. Of particular importance in this connection are the lifetime, the efficiency and the operating voltage of the OLEDs and as well as the colour values achieved. In particular, in case of blue-emitting OLEDs, there is potential for improvement with respect to the lifetime and the efficiency of the devices.

An important starting point for achieving the said improvements is the choice of the emitter compound and of the host compound employed in the electronic device.

Blue-fluorescent emitters known from the prior art are a multiplicity of compounds. Arylamines containing one or more condensed aryl groups like pyrene, anthracene or chrysene are known from the prior, for example in accordance with US 20160218294 A1, JP 2014177441, US 20110215715, WO2011071507 and US 20140117322.

However, there is still a need for further fluorescent emitters, especially blue-fluorescent emitters, which may be employed in OLEDs and lead to OLEDs having good properties in terms of lifetime, colour emission and efficiency.

Furthermore, it is known that an OLED may comprise different layers, which may be applied either by vapour deposition in a vacuum chamber or by processing from a solution. The processes based on vapour deposition lead to good results but such processes are complex and expensive. Therefore, there is a need for OLED materials that can be easily and reliably processed from solution. In this case, the materials should have good solubility properties in the solution that comprises them. Additionally, the OLED materials that are processed from a solution should be able to orientate themselves in the deposited film to improve the overall efficiency of the OLED. The term orientation means here the horizontal orientation of the transition dipole or the horizontal molecular orientation of the compounds, as explained in Zhao et al., Horizontal molecular orientation in solution-processed organic light-emitting diodes, Appl. Phys. Lett. 106063301, 2015.

The present invention is thus based on the technical object of providing compounds which are suitable for use in electronic devices, such as OLEDs, more particularly as blue-fluorescent emitters or matrix materials and, which are suitable for vacuum processing or for solution processing, more particularly for solution processing.

In investigations on novel compounds for use in electronic devices, it has now been found, that compounds of formula (1) as defined below are eminently suitable for use in electronic devices. In particular, they achieve one or more, preferably all, of the above-mentioned technical objects.

The invention thus relates to compounds of formula (1),

where the following applies to the symbols and indices used:

Ar⁴ stands for a croup of formula (Ar⁴-1),

where the dashed bond in formula (Ar4-1) indicates the bonding to the structure of formula (1);

-   -   G is a condensed aryl group having 10 to 50 aromatic ring atoms,         which may in each case be substituted by one or more radicals         R²;     -   Ar¹, Ar² and Ar³ stand on each occurrence, identically or         differently, for Ar⁴, or for an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring         system having 5 to 60 aromatic ring atoms, which may in each         case be substituted by one or more radicals R³;

Ar^(S) is on each occurrence, identically or differently, an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system having 5 to 40 aromatic ring atoms, which may in each case also be substituted by one or more radicals R³;

Ar⁵, Ar⁶ stand on each occurrence, identically or differently, for an aryl or heteroaryl group having 5 to 18 aromatic ring atoms, which may in each case be substituted by one or more radicals R⁴;

X stands for CR¹ or N; or X stands for C, if it is bonded to Ar⁵, Ar⁶, R⁴ or to an adjacent fluorene derivative unit;

R, R⁰, R¹, R², R³, R⁴ stand on each occurrence, identically or differently, for H, D, F, Cl, Br, I, CHO, CN, N(Ar⁷)₂, C(═O)Ar⁷, P(═O)(Ar⁷)₂, S(═O)Ar⁷, S(═O)₂Ar⁷, NO₂, Si(R⁵)₃, B(OR⁵)₂, OSO₂R⁵, a straight-chain alkyl, alkoxy or thioalkyl groups having 1 to 40 C atoms or branched or a cyclic alkyl, alkoxy or thioalkyl groups having 3 to 40 C atoms, each of which may be substituted by one or more radicals R⁵, where in each case one or more non-adjacent CH₂ groups may be replaced by R⁵C═CR⁵, CEO, Si(R⁵)₂, Ge(R⁵)₂, Sn(R⁵)₂, C═O, C═S, C═Se, P(═O)(R⁵), SO, SO₂, O, S or CONR⁵ and where one or more H atoms may be replaced by D, F, Cl, Br, I, CN or NO₂, an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring systems having 5 to 60 aromatic ring atoms, which may in each case be substituted by one or more radicals R⁵, or an aryloxy groups having 5 to 40 aromatic ring atoms, which may be substituted by one or more radicals R⁵, where two adjacent substituents R, two adjacent substituents R⁰, two adjacent substituents R¹, two adjacent substituents R², two adjacent substituents R³ and/or two adjacent substituents R⁴, may form a mono- or polycyclic, aliphatic ring system or aromatic ring system, which may be substituted by one or more radicals R⁵;

R⁵ stands on each occurrence, identically or differently, for H, D, F, Cl, Br, I, CHO, CN, N(Ar⁷)₂, C(═O)Ar⁷, P(═O)(Ar⁷)₂, S(═O)Ar⁷, S(═O)₂Ar⁷, NO₂, Si(R⁶)₃, B(OR⁶)₂, OSO₂R⁶, a straight-chain alkyl, alkoxy or thioalkyl groups having 1 to 40 C atoms or branched or cyclic alkyl, alkoxy or thioalkyl groups having 3 to 40 C atoms, each of which may be substituted by one or more radicals R⁶, where in each case one or more non-adjacent CH₂ groups may be replaced by R⁶C═CR⁶, C≡O, Si(R⁶)₂, Ge(R⁶)₂, Sn(R⁶)₂, C═O, C═S, C═Se, P(═O)(R⁶), SO, SO₂, O, S or CONR⁶ and where one or more H atoms may be replaced by D, F, Cl, Br, I, CN or NO₂, an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring systems having 5 to 60 aromatic ring atoms, which may in each case be substituted by one or more radicals R⁶, or an aryloxy group having 5 to 60 aromatic ring atoms, which may be substituted by one or more radicals R⁶, where two adjacent substituents R⁵ may form a mono- or polycyclic, aliphatic ring system or aromatic ring system, which may be substituted by one or more radicals R⁶;

Ar⁷ is an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system having 5 to 24 aromatic ring atoms, which may in each case also be substituted by one or more radicals R⁶;

R⁶ stands on each occurrence, identically or differently, for H, D, F, Cl, Br, I, CN, a straight-chain alkyl, alkoxy or thioalkyl groups having 1 to 20 C atoms or branched or cyclic alkyl, alkoxy or thioalkyl groups having 3 to 20 C atoms, where in each case one or more non-adjacent CH₂ groups may be replaced by SO, SO₂, O, S and where one or more H atoms may be replaced by D, F, Cl, Br or I, or an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system having 5 to 24 C atoms;

-   -   n is equal to 0 or 1;     -   r is equal to 0, 1 or 2;     -   m, q are, identically or differently, an integer selected from 1         to 10;     -   p, s are on each occurrence, identically or differently, an         integer selected from 0 to 10;     -   with the proviso that, if the group G is a pyrene group, then         the compound of formula (1) bears at least one group R, R⁰, R²         or R³, which stands for a straight-chain alkyl group having 3 to         40 C atoms or a branched or cyclic alkyl group having 3 to 40 C         atoms, each of which may be substituted by one or more radicals         R⁶.

Adjacent substituents in the sense of the present invention are substituents which are bonded to atoms which are linked directly to one another or which are bonded to the same atom.

The fact that Ar¹, Ar² and Ar³ stand on each occurrence, identically or differently, for Ar⁴ or for an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system having 5 to 60 aromatic ring atoms, means that Ar¹, Ar² and Ar³ correspond, independently, to a group of formula (Ar4-1) or to another aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system having 5 to 60 aromatic ring atoms.

Furthermore, the following definitions of chemical groups apply for the purposes of the present application:

An aryl group in the sense of this invention contains 6 to 60 aromatic ring atoms, preferably 6 to 40 aromatic ring atoms, more preferably 6 to 20 aromatic ring atoms; a heteroaryl group in the sense of this invention contains 5 to 60 aromatic ring atoms, preferably 5 to 40 aromatic ring atoms, more preferably 5 to 20 aromatic ring atoms, at least one of which is a heteroatom. The heteroatoms are preferably selected from N, O and S. This represents the basic definition. If other preferences are indicated in the description of the present invention, for example with respect to the number of aromatic ring atoms or the heteroatoms present, these apply.

An aryl group or heteroaryl group here is taken to mean either a simple aromatic ring, i.e. benzene, or a simple heteroaromatic ring, for example pyridine, pyrimidine or thiophene, or a condensed (annellated) aromatic or heteroaromatic polycycle, for example naphthalene, phenanthrene, quinoline or carbazole. A condensed (annellated) aromatic or heteroaromatic polycycle in the sense of the present application consists of two or more simple aromatic or heteroaromatic rings condensed with one another.

An aryl or heteroaryl group, which may in each case be substituted by the above-mentioned radicals and which may be linked to the aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system via any desired positions, is taken to mean, in particular, groups derived from benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene, pyrene, dihydropyrene, chrysene, perylene, fluoranthene, benzanthracene, benzophenanthrene, tetracene, pentacene, benzopyrene, furan, benzofuran, isobenzofuran, dibenzofuran, thiophene, benzothiophene, isobenzothiophene, dibenzothiophene, pyrrole, indole, isoindole, carbazole, pyridine, quinoline, isoquinoline, acridine, phenanthridine, benzo-5,6-quinoline, benzo-6,7-quinoline, benzo-7,8-quinoline, phenothiazine, phenoxazine, pyrazole, indazole, imidazole, benzimidazole, naphthimidazole, phenanthrimidazole, pyridimidazole, pyrazinimidazole, quinoxalinimidazole, oxazole, benzoxazole, naphthoxazole, anthroxazole, phenanthroxazole, isoxazole, 1,2-thiazole, 1,3-thiazole, benzothiazole, pyridazine, benzopyridazine, pyrimidine, benzopyrimidine, quinoxaline, pyrazine, phenazine, naphthyridine, azacarbazole, benzocarboline, phenanthroline, 1,2,3-triazole, 1,2,4-triazole, benzotriazole, 1,2,3-oxadiazole, 1,2,4-oxadiazole, 1,2,5-oxadiazole, 1,3,4-oxadiazole, 1,2,3-thiadiazole, 1,2,4-thiadiazole, 1,2,5-thiadiazole, 1,3,4-thiadiazole, 1,3,5-triazine, 1,2,4-triazine, 1,2,3-triazine, tetrazole, 1,2,4,5-tetrazine, 1,2,3,4-tetrazine, 1,2,3,5-tetrazine, purine, pteridine, indolizine and benzothiadiazole.

An aryloxy group in accordance with the definition of the present invention is taken to mean an aryl group, as defined above, which is bonded via an oxygen atom. An analogous definition applies to heteroaryloxy groups.

An aromatic ring system in the sense of this invention contains 6 to 60 C atoms in the ring system, preferably 6 to 40 C atoms, more preferably 6 to 20 C atoms. A heteroaromatic ring system in the sense of this invention contains 5 to 60 aromatic ring atoms, preferably 5 to 40 aromatic ring atoms, more preferably 5 to 20 aromatic ring atoms, at least one of which is a heteroatom. The heteroatoms are preferably selected from N, O and/or S. An aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system in the sense of this invention is intended to be taken to mean a system which does not necessarily contain only aryl or heteroaryl groups, but instead in which, in addition, a plurality of aryl or heteroaryl groups may be connected by a non-aromatic unit (preferably less than 10% of the atoms other than H), such as, for example, an spa-hybridised C, Si, N or O atom, an sp²-hybridised C or N atom or an sp-hybridised C atom. Thus, for example, systems such as 9,9′-spirobifluorene, 9,9′-diarylfluorene, triarylamine, diaryl ether, stilbene, etc., are also intended to be taken to be aromatic ring systems in the sense of this invention, as are systems in which two or more aryl groups are connected, for example, by a linear or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl group or by a silyl group. Furthermore, systems in which two or more aryl or heteroaryl groups are linked to one another via single bonds are also taken to be aromatic or heteroaromatic ring systems in the sense of this invention, such as, for example, systems such as biphenyl, terphenyl or diphenyltriazine.

An aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system having 5-60 aromatic ring atoms, which may in each case also be substituted by radicals as defined above and which may be linked to the aromatic or heteroaromatic group via any desired positions, is taken to mean, in particular, groups derived from benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, benzanthracene, phenanthrene, benzophenanthrene, pyrene, chrysene, perylene, fluoranthene, naphthacene, pentacene, benzopyrene, biphenyl, biphenylene, terphenyl, terphenylene, quaterphenyl, fluorene, spirobifluorene, dihydrophenanthrene, dihydropyrene, tetrahydropyrene, cis- or trans-indenofluorene, truxene, isotruxene, spirotruxene, spiroisotruxene, furan, benzofuran, isobenzofuran, dibenzofuran, thiophene, benzothiophene, isobenzothiophene, dibenzothiophene, pyrrole, indole, isoindole, carbazole, indolocarbazole, indenocarbazole, pyridine, quinoline, isoquinoline, acridine, phenanthridine, benzo-5,6-quinoline, benzo-6,7-quinoline, benzo-7,8-quinoline, phenothiazine, phenoxazine, pyrazole, indazole, imidazole, benzimidazole, naphthimidazole, phenanthrimidazole, pyridimidazole, pyrazinimidazole, quinoxalinimidazole, oxazole, benzoxazole, naphthoxazole, anthroxazole, phenanthroxazole, isoxazole, 1,2-thiazole, 1,3-thiazole, benzothiazole, pyridazine, benzopyridazine, pyrimidine, benzopyrimidine, quinoxaline, 1,5-diazaanthracene, 2,7-diazapyrene, 2,3-diazapyrene, 1,6-diazapyrene, 1,8-diazapyrene, 4,5-diazapyrene, 4,5,9,10-tetraazaperylene, pyrazine, phenazine, phenoxazine, phenothiazine, fluorubin, naphthyridine, azacarbazole, benzocarboline, phenanthroline, 1,2,3-triazole, 1,2,4-triazole, benzotriazole, 1,2,3-oxadiazole, 1,2,4-oxadiazole, 1,2,5-oxadiazole, 1,3,4-oxadiazole, 1,2,3-thiadiazole, 1,2,4-thiadiazole, 1,2,5-thiadiazole, 1,3,4-thiadiazole, 1,3,5-triazine, 1,2,4-triazine, 1,2,3-triazine, tetrazole, 1,2,4,5-tetrazine, 1,2,3,4-tetrazine, 1,2,3,5-tetrazine, purine, pteridine, indolizine and benzothiadiazole, or combinations of these groups.

For the purposes of the present invention, a straight-chain alkyl group having 1 to 40 C atoms or a branched or cyclic alkyl group having 3 to 40 C atoms or an alkenyl or alkynyl group having 2 to 40 C atoms, in which, in addition, individual H atoms or CH₂ groups may be substituted by the groups mentioned above under the definition of the radicals, is preferably taken to mean the radicals methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, 2-methylbutyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, cyclopentyl, neopentyl, n-hexyl, cyclohexyl, neohexyl, n-heptyl, cycloheptyl, n-octyl, cyclooctyl, 2-ethylhexyl, trifluoromethyl, pentafluoroethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, ethenyl, propenyl, butenyl, pentenyl, cyclopentenyl, hexenyl, cyclohexenyl, heptenyl, cycloheptenyl, octenyl, cyclooctenyl, ethynyl, propynyl, butynyl, pentynyl, hexynyl or octynyl. An alkoxy or thioalkyl group having 1 to 40 C atoms is preferably taken to mean methoxy, trifluoromethoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, i-propoxy, n-butoxy, i-butoxy, s-butoxy, t-butoxy, n-pentoxy, s-pentoxy, 2-methylbutoxy, n-hexoxy, cyclohexyloxy, n-heptoxy, cycloheptyloxy, n-octyloxy, cyclooctyloxy, 2-ethylhexyloxy, pentafluoroethoxy, 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy, methylthio, ethylthio, n-propylthio, i-propylthio, n-butylthio, i-butylthio, s-butylthio, t-butylthio, n-pentylthio, s-pentylthio, n-hexylthio, cyclohexylthio, n-heptylthio, cycloheptylthio, n-octylthio, cyclooctylthio, 2-ethylhexylthio, trifluoromethylthio, pentafluoroethylthio, 2,2,2-trifluoroethylthio, ethenylthio, propenylthio, butenylthio, pentenylthio, cyclopentenylthio, hexenylthio, cyclohexenylthio, heptenylthio, cycloheptenylthio, octenylthio, cyclooctenylthio, ethynylthio, propynylthio, butynylthio, pentynylthio, hexynylthio, heptynylthio or octynylthio.

The formulation that two or more radicals may form a ring with one another is, for the purposes of the present application, intended to be taken to mean, inter alia, that the two radicals are linked to one another by a chemical bond. This is illustrated by the following schemes:

Furthermore, however, the above-mentioned formulation is also intended to be taken to mean that, in the case where one of the two radicals represents hydrogen, the second radical is bonded at the position to which the hydrogen atom was bonded, with formation of a ring. This is illustrated by the following scheme:

In accordance with a preferred embodiment, the index s is an integer selected from 1 to 10. More preferably, the index s in an integer selected from 1 to 5. Particularly preferably, the index s in an integer selected from 1, 2 and 3. Very particularly preferably, the index s is equal to 1.

The group Ar^(S) is preferably, identically or differently on each occurrence, selected from aromatic or heteroaromatic ring systems having 6 to 18 aromatic ring atoms, which may in each case also be substituted by one or more radicals R³. More preferably, the group Ars is, identically or differently on each occurrence, selected from benzene, biphenyl, naphthalene, fluorene, dibenzofuran, dibenzothiophene or carbazole, each of which may be substituted by one or more radicals R³. Particularly preferably, the group Ar^(S) is, identically or differently on each occurrence, selected from benzene or biphenyl, each of which may be substituted by one or more radicals R³.

Examples of particularly suitable groups Ar^(S) are the groups of formulae (Ar^(S)-1) to (Ar^(S)-17) below:

where the dashed bonds indicate the bonds to the group G and to the adjacent diarylamine group —NAr¹Ar² or —NAr³Ar⁴, and where the groups (Ar^(S)-1) to (Ar^(S)-17) may be substituted at each free position by a group R³.

According to the present invention, the index r is equal to 0, 1 or 2. When r is equal to 0, then the corresponding group Ars is absent and the groups adjacent to Ar^(S) are directly bonded with one another. In accordance with a preferred embodiment, the index r is 0. In accordance with another preferred embodiment, the index r is 1.

In accordance with a preferred embodiment, the compounds of formula (1) are selected from the compounds of formulae (2) to (5), preferably from compounds of formulae (2), (3) and (4),

where the symbols and indices have the same meaning as above.

Preferably, the groups Ar¹, Ar² and Ar³ stand on each occurrence, identically or differently, for Ar⁴, or for an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system having 5 to 40, preferably 5 to 30, more preferably 5 to 18 aromatic ring atoms, which may in each case be substituted by one or more radicals R³. More preferably, the groups Ar¹, Ar² and Ar³ stand on each occurrence, identically or differently, for Ar⁴, or for benzene, biphenyl, fluorene, terphenyl, quaterphenyl, dibenzothiophene, dibenzofuran or carbazole; which may in each case be substituted by one or more radicals R³.

In accordance with a preferred embodiment, the groups Ar⁵ and Ar⁶ are selected, identically or differently, from the group consisting of the groups of formulae (Ar5-1) to (Ar5-26),

where

the dashed bonds indicate the bonding to the adjacent groups in formula (1);

the groups of formulae (Ar5-1) to (Ar5-26) may be substituted at each free position by a group R⁴, which has the same meaning as above; and E¹ is selected from —B(R^(0—)), —C(R⁰)_(2—), —C(R⁰)₂—C(R⁰)₂—, —Si(R⁰)₂—, —C(═O)—, —C(═NR⁰)—, —C═(C(R⁰))₂—, —O—, —S—, —S(═O)—, —SO₂—, —N(R⁰)—, —P(R⁰)— and —P((═O)R⁰)—, where the substituent R⁰ has the same meaning as above.

Among groups of formulae (Ar5-1) to (Ar5-26), groups of formulae (Ar5-1), (Ar5-2), (Ar5-3), (Ar5-18), (Ar5-19), (Ar5-20), (Ar5-21), (Ar5-22) and (Ar5-23) are preferred.

In accordance with a very preferred embodiment, the groups Ar⁵ and Ar⁶ are selected, identically or differently, from the group consisting of the groups of formulae (Ar5-27) to (Ar5-35),

where

the dashed bonds indicate the bonding to the adjacent groups depicted in formula (1);

the groups of formulae (Ar5-27) to (Ar5-35) may be substituted at each free position by a group R⁴, which has the same meaning as above; and the substituent E¹ in formulae (Ar5-28) to (Ar5-30) has the same meaning as above.

In accordance with a preferred embodiment, the group Ar⁴ is selected from the groups of formulae (Ar4-2) to (Ar4-6),

where the dashed bond indicates the bonding to the structure of formula (1) and where the symbols and indices X, E¹, R, R⁰, R⁴, Ar⁶, m, p, q and s have the same meaning as above.

In accordance with a very preferred embodiment, the group Ar⁴ is selected from the groups of formulae (Ar4-2-1) to (Ar4-6-1),

where the dashed bond indicates the bonding to the structure of formula (1) and where the symbols and indices have the same meaning as above.

In accordance with a particularly preferred embodiment, the group Ar⁴ is selected from the groups of formulae (Ar4-2-2) to (Ar4-6-2),

where the dashed bond indicates the bonding to the structure of formula (1) and where the symbols and indices have the same meaning as above.

In accordance with a preferred embodiment, at least two adjacent groups R⁰ and/or two adjacent groups R, in formulae (Ar4-1), (Ar4-2) to (Ar4-6), (Ar4-2-1) to (Ar4-2-6) and (Ar4-2-2) to (Ar4-2-6) stand for a straight-chain alkyl group having 3 to 40 C atoms or a branched or cyclic alkyl group having 3 to 40 C atoms, each of which may be substituted by one or more radicals R⁶. More preferably, at least two adjacent groups R⁰ and/or two adjacent groups R in formulae (Ar4-1), (Ar4-2) to (Ar4-6), (Ar4-2-1) to (Ar4-2-6) and (Ar4-2-2) to (Ar4-2-6) stand for a straight-chain alkyl group having 3 to 20 C atoms or a branched or cyclic alkyl group having 3 to 20 C atoms, each of which may be substituted by one or more radicals R⁶. Particularly preferably, at least two adjacent groups R⁰ and/or two adjacent groups R in formulae (Ar4-1), (Ar4-2) to (Ar4-6), (Ar4-2-1) to (Ar4-2-6) and (Ar4-2-2) to (Ar4-2-6) stand for a straight-chain alkyl group having 3 to 10, preferably 6 to 10 C atoms or a branched or cyclic alkyl group having 3 to 10, preferably 6 to 10 C atoms, each of which may be substituted by one or more radicals R⁶.

In accordance with a preferred embodiment, the indices m and q are on each occurrence, identically or differently, equal to 1, 2 or 3.

In accordance with a preferred embodiment, Ar⁶ stands on each occurrence, identically or differently, for an aryl group having 6 to 14 aromatic ring atoms, which may in each case be substituted by one or more radicals R⁴. More preferably, Ar⁶ stands on each occurrence, identically or differently, for a benzene, naphthalene, biphenyl or fluorene group, which may in each case be substituted by one or more radicals R⁴.

In accordance with a preferred embodiment, the index p is on each occurrence, identically or differently, equal to 0 or 1. More preferably, the index p is equal to 0. In this case, the corresponding Ar⁶ is absent and the groups adjacent to Ar⁶ are directly bonded with one another.

In accordance with a preferred embodiment, the group G is selected from the group consisting of naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene, tetracene, chrysene, benzophenanthracene, pyrene, perylene, triphenylene, benzopyrene, fluoranthene, each of which may be substituted by one or more radicals R² at any free positions. More preferably, the group G is selected from pyrene, chrysene and anthracene.

In accordance with a preferred embodiment, the index n is equal to 1 and the group G is selected from the group consisting of the groups of formulae (G-1) to (G-11),

where

the dashed bonds indicate the bonding to the adjacent groups in formula (1); and the groups of formulae (G-1) to (G-11) may be substituted at each free position by a group R², which has the same meaning as above.

More preferably, the group G is selected from the groups of formulae (G-12) to (G-23).

where the dashed bonds indicate the bonding to the adjacent groups as depicted in formula (1);

-   -   and where R² has the same meaning as above.

Compound according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterized in that the group G is selected from the groups of formulae (G-24) to (G-39),

where the dashed bonds indicate the bonding to the adjacent groups as depicted in formula (1) and where R² has the same meaning as above.

In accordance with a preferred embodiment, the group R² stands on each occurrence, identically or differently, for H, D, F, a straight-chain alkyl group having 1 to 10 C atoms or branched or a cyclic alkyl groups having 3 to 10 C atoms, each of which may be substituted by one or more radicals R⁵, an aromatic ring systems having 5 to 30 aromatic ring atoms, which may in each case be substituted by one or more radicals R⁵, where two adjacent substituents R² may form a mono- or polycyclic, aliphatic ring system or aromatic ring system, which may be substituted by one or more radicals R⁵, where R⁵ has the same meaning as above.

In accordance with a preferred embodiment, the groups R¹, R³ and R⁴ stand on each occurrence, identically or differently, for H, D, F, CN, N(Ar⁷)₂, a straight-chain alkyl or alkoxy groups having 1 to 20 C atoms, preferably 1 to 10 C atoms, or branched or a cyclic alkyl or alkoxy groups having 3 to 20 C atoms, preferably 3 to 10 C atoms, each of which may be substituted by one or more radicals R⁵, where in each case one or more non-adjacent CH₂ groups may be replaced by R⁵C═CR⁵, C═O, C═S, SO, SO₂, O or S and where one or more H atoms may be replaced by D or F, an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring systems having 5 to 40, preferably 5 to 30, more preferably 5 to 18 aromatic ring atoms, which may in each case be substituted by one or more radicals R⁵, where two adjacent substituents R¹, two adjacent substituents R³ and/or two adjacent substituents R⁴, may form a mono- or polycyclic, aliphatic ring system or aromatic ring system, which may be substituted by one or more radicals R⁵.

In accordance with a preferred embodiment, the group R⁵ stands on each occurrence, identically or differently, for H, D, F, CN, N(Ar⁷)₂, a straight-chain alkyl or alkoxy groups having 1 to 20 C atoms, preferably 1 to 10 C atoms or branched or cyclic alkyl or alkoxy groups having 3 to 20 C atoms, preferably 3 to 10 C atoms, each of which may be substituted by one or more radicals R⁶, where in each case one or more non-adjacent CH₂ groups may be replaced by R⁶C═CR⁶, C═O, C═S, SO, SO₂, O or S and where one or more H atoms may be replaced by D or F, an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring systems having 5 to 40, preferably 5 to 30, more preferably 5 to 18 aromatic ring atoms, which may in each case be substituted by one or more radicals R⁶, where two adjacent substituents R⁵ may form a mono- or polycyclic, aliphatic ring system or aromatic ring system, which may be substituted by one or more radicals R⁶.

In accordance with the preferred embodiment, Ar⁷ is an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system having 5 to 18 aromatic ring atoms, which may in each case also be substituted by one or more radicals R⁶.

In accordance with a preferred embodiment, the group R⁶ stands on each occurrence, identically or differently, for H, D, F, Cl, Br, I, CN, a straight-chain alkyl group having 1 to 10 C atoms or branched or cyclic alkyl group having 3 to 10 C atoms, or an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system having 5 to 24 C atoms.

The following compounds are examples of compounds of the formula (1):

The compounds according to the invention can be prepared by synthesis steps known to the person skilled in the art, such as, for example, bromination, Suzuki coupling, Ullmann coupling, Hartwig-Buchwald coupling, etc. An example of a suitable synthesis process is depicted in general terms in Schemes 1 and 2 below.

where in Schemes 1 and 2, the group G correspond to a group G as defined above, the group Ar is a group Ar⁴ as defined above or another aromatic or heteroaromatic group, and the group X is a halogen atom (like Br, Cl, I) or another leaving group.

The compounds of formula (1) may be synthesized as described above: At least one diarylamine group comprising at least one group Ar⁴ as defined above is bonded via a C—N coupling to a condensed aryl group G as defined above, substituted with at least one halogen or another leaving group (for example via a Hartwig-Buchwald coupling).

The present invention therefore relates to a process for the synthesis of the compounds according to the invention, in which at least one diarylamine group comprising at least one group Ar⁴ as defined above is bonded via a C—N coupling to a condensed aryl group G as defined above, substituted with at least one halogen or another leaving group.

For the processing of the compounds according to the invention from the liquid phase, for example by spin coating or by printing processes, formulations of the compounds according to the invention are necessary. These formulations can be, for example, solutions, dispersions or emulsions. It may be preferred to use mixtures of two or more solvents for this purpose. Suitable and preferred solvents are, for example, toluene, anisole, o-, m- or p-xylene, methyl benzoate, mesitylene, tetralin, veratrol, THF, methyl-THF, THP, chlorobenzene, dioxane, phenoxytoluene, in particular 3-phenoxytoluene, (−)-fenchone, 1,2,3,5-tetramethylbenzene, 1,2,4,5-tetramethylbenzene, 1-methylnaphthalene, 2-methylbenzothiazole, 2-phenoxyethanol, 2-pyrrolidinone, 3-methylanisole, 4-methylanisole, 3,4-dimethylanisole, 3,5-dimethylanisole, acetophenone, α-terpineol, benzothiazole, butyl benzoate, cumene, cyclohexanol, cyclohexanone, cyclohexylbenzene, decalin, dodecylbenzene, ethyl benzoate, indane, methyl benzoate, NMP, p-cymene, phenetole, 1,4-diisopropylbenzene, dibenzyl ether, diethylene glycol butyl methyl ether, triethylene glycol butyl methyl ether, diethylene glycol dibutyl ether, triethylene glycol dimethyl ether, diethylene glycol-monobutyl ether, tripropylene glycol dimethyl ether, tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether, 2-isopropylnaphthalene, pentylbenzene, hexylbenzene, heptylbenzene, octylbenzene, 1,1-bis(3,4-dimethylphenyl)ethane or mixtures of these solvents.

The present invention therefore furthermore relates to a formulation comprising a compound according to the invention and at least one further compound. The further compound may be, for example, a solvent, in particular one of the above-mentioned solvents or a mixture of these solvents. However, the further compound may also be at least one further organic or inorganic compound which is likewise employed in the electronic device, for example an emitting compound, in particular a phosphorescent dopant, and/or a further matrix material. Suitable emitting compounds and further matrix materials are indicated below in connection with the organic electroluminescent device. This further compound may also be polymeric.

The compounds and mixtures according to the invention are suitable for use in an electronic device. An electronic device here is taken to mean a device which comprises at least one layer which comprises at least one organic compound. However, the component here may also comprise inorganic materials or also layers built up entirely from inorganic materials.

The present invention therefore furthermore relates to the use of the compounds or mixtures according to the invention in an electronic device, in particular in an organic electroluminescent device.

The present invention again furthermore relates to an electronic device comprising at least one of the compounds or mixtures according to the invention mentioned above. The preferences stated above for the compound also apply to the electronic devices.

The electronic device is preferably selected from the group consisting of organic electroluminescent devices (OLEDs, PLEDs), organic integrated circuits (O-ICs), organic field-effect transistors (O-FETs), organic thin-film transistors (O-TFTs), organic light-emitting transistors (O-LETs), organic solar cells (O-SCs), organic dye-sensitised solar cells, organic optical detectors, organic photoreceptors, organic field-quench devices (O-FQDs), light-emitting electrochemical cells (LECs), organic laser diodes (O-lasers) and “organic plasmon emitting devices” (D. M. Koller et al., Nature Photonics 2008, 1-4), preferably organic electroluminescent devices (OLEDs, PLEDs), in particular phosphorescent OLEDs.

The organic electroluminescent device comprises a cathode, an anode and at least one emitting layer. Apart from these layers, it may also comprise further layers, for example in each case one or more hole-injection layers, hole-transport layers, hole-blocking layers, electron-transport layers, electron-injection layers, exciton-blocking layers, electron-blocking layers and/or charge-generation layers. It is likewise possible for interlayers, which have, for example, an exciton-blocking function, to be introduced between two emitting layers. However, it should be pointed out that each of these layers does not necessarily have to be present. The organic electroluminescent device here may comprise one emitting layer or a plurality of emitting layers. If a plurality of emission layers are present, these preferably have in total a plurality of emission maxima between 380 nm and 750 nm, resulting overall in white emission, i.e. various emitting compounds which are able to fluoresce or phosphoresce are used in the emitting layers. Particular preference is given to systems having three emitting layers, where the three layers exhibit blue, green and orange or red emission (for the basic structure see, for example, WO 2005/011013). These can be fluorescent or phosphorescent emission layers or hybrid systems, in which fluorescent and phosphorescent emission layers are combined with one another.

The compound according to the invention in accordance with the embodiments indicated above can be employed in various layers, depending on the precise structure and on the substitution. Preference is given to an organic electroluminescent device comprising a compound of the formula (1) or in accordance with the preferred embodiments as fluorescent emitters, emitters showing TADF (Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence), matrix material for fluorescent emitters. Particularly preferred is an organic electroluminescent device comprising a compound of the formula (1) or in accordance with the preferred embodiments as fluorescent emitters, more particularly blue-emitting fluorescent compound.

The compounds of formula (1) can also be employed in an electron-transport layer and/or in an electron-blocking or exciton-blocking layer and/or in a hole-transport layer, depending on the precise substitution. The preferred embodiments indicated above also apply to the use of the materials in organic electronic devices.

The compound according to the invention is particularly suitable for use as blue-emitting emitter compound. The electronic device concerned may comprise a single emitting layer comprising the compound according to the invention or it may comprise two or more emitting layers. The further emitting layers here may comprise one or more compounds according to the invention or alternatively other compounds.

If the compound according to the invention is employed as a fluorescent emitting compound in an emitting layer, it is preferably employed in combination with one or more matrix materials. A matrix material here is taken to mean a material which is present in the emitting layer, preferably as the principal component, and which does not emit light on operation of the device.

The proportion of the emitting compound in the mixture of the emitting layer is between 0.1 and 50.0%, preferably between 0.5 and 20.0%, particularly preferably between 1.0 and 10.0%. Correspondingly, the proportion of the matrix material or matrix materials is between 50.0 and 99.9%, preferably between 80.0 and 99.5%, particularly preferably between 90.0 and 99.0%.

The specifications of the proportions in % are, for the purposes of the present application, taken to mean % by vol. if the compounds are applied from the gas phase and % by weight if the compounds are applied from solution.

Preferred matrix materials for use in combination with fluorescent emitting compounds are selected from the classes of the oligoarylenes (for example 2,2′,7,7-tetraphenylspirobifluorene in accordance with EP 676461 or dinaphthylanthracene), in particular the oligoarylenes containing condensed aromatic groups, the oligoarylenevinylenes (for example DPVBi or spiro-DPVBi in accordance with EP 676461), the polypodal metal complexes (for example in accordance with WO 2004/081017), the hole-conducting compounds (for example in accordance with WO 2004/058911), the electron-conducting compounds, in particular ketones, phosphine oxides, sulfoxides, etc. (for example in accordance with WO 2005/084081 and WO 2005/084082), the atropisomers (for example in accordance with WO 2006/048268), the boronic acid derivatives (for example in accordance with WO 2006/117052) or the benzanthracenes (for example in accordance with WO 2008/145239). Particularly preferred matrix materials are selected from the classes of the oligoarylenes, comprising naphthalene, anthracene, benzanthracene and/or pyrene or atropisomers of these compounds, the oligoarylenevinylenes, the ketones, the phosphine oxides and the sulfoxides. Very particularly preferred matrix materials are selected from the classes of the oligoarylenes, comprising anthracene, benzanthracene, benzophenanthrene and/or pyrene or atropisomers of these compounds. An oligoarylene in the sense of this invention is intended to be taken to mean a compound in which at least three aryl or arylene groups are bonded to one another.

Particularly preferred matrix materials for use in combination with the compounds of the formula (1) in the emitting layer are depicted in the following table.

If the compound according to the invention is employed as a fluorescent emitting compound in an emitting layer, it may be employed in combination with one or more other fluorescent emitting compounds.

Preferred fluorescent emitters, besides the compounds according to the invention, are selected from the class of the arylamines. An arylamine in the sense of this invention is taken to mean a compound which contains three substituted or unsubstituted aromatic or heteroaromatic ring systems bonded directly to the nitrogen. At least one of these aromatic or heteroaromatic ring systems is preferably a condensed ring system, particularly preferably having at least 14 aromatic ring atoms. Preferred examples thereof are aromatic anthracenamines, aromatic anthracenediamines, aromatic pyrenamines, aromatic pyrenediamines, aromatic chrysenamines or aromatic chrysenediamines. An aromatic anthracenamine is taken to mean a compound in which one diarylamino group is bonded directly to an anthracene group, preferably in the 9-position. An aromatic anthracenediamine is taken to mean a compound in which two diarylamino groups are bonded directly to an anthracene group, preferably in the 9,10-position. Aromatic pyrenamines, pyrenediamines, chrysenamines and chrysenediamines are defined analogously thereto, where the diarylamino groups are preferably bonded to the pyrene in the 1-position or in the 1,6-position. Further preferred emitters are indenofluorenamines or indenofluorenediamines, for example in accordance with WO 2006/108497 or WO 2006/122630, benzoindenofluorenamines or benzoindenofluorenediamines, for example in accordance with WO 2008/006449, and dibenzoindenofluorenamines or dibenzoindenofluorenediamines, for example in accordance with WO 2007/140847, and the indenofluorene derivatives containing condensed aryl groups which are disclosed in WO 2010/012328. Still further preferred emitters are benzanthracene derivatives as disclosed in WO 2015/158409, anthracene derivatives as disclosed in WO 2017/036573, fluorene dimers like in WO 2016/150544 or phenoxazine derivatives as disclosed in WO 2017/028940 and WO 2017/028941. Preference is likewise given to the pyrenarylamines disclosed in WO 2012/048780 and WO 2013/185871. Preference is likewise given to the benzoindenofluorenamines disclosed in WO 2014/037077, the benzofluorenamines disclosed in WO 2014/106522 and the indenofluorenes disclosed in WO 2014/111269 or WO 2017/036574.

Examples of preferred fluorescent emitting compounds, besides the compounds according to the invention, which can be used in combination with the compounds of the invention in an emitting layer or which can be used in another emitting layer of the same device are depicted in the following table:

The compounds according to the invention can also be employed in other layers, for example as hole-transport materials in a hole-injection or hole-transport layer or electron-blocking layer or as matrix materials in an emitting layer, preferably as matrix materials for phosphorescent emitters.

If the compound of the formula (I) is employed as hole-transport material in a hole-transport layer, a hole-injection layer or an electron-blocking layer, the compound can be employed as pure material, i.e. in a proportion of 100%, in the hole-transport layer, or it can be employed in combination with one or more further compounds. According to a preferred embodiment, the organic layer comprising the compound of the formula (I) then additionally comprises one or more p-dopants. The p-dopants employed in accordance with the present invention are preferably organic electron-acceptor compounds which are able to oxidise one or more of the other compounds of the mixture.

Particularly preferred embodiments of p-dopants are the compounds disclosed in WO 2011/073149, EP 1968131, EP 2276085, EP 2213662, EP 1722602, EP 2045848, DE 102007031220, U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,044,390, 8,057,712, WO 2009/003455, WO 2010/094378, WO 2011/120709, US 2010/0096600 and WO 2012/095143.

If the compound of the formula (I) is employed as matrix material in combination with a phosphorescent emitter in an emitting layer, the phosphorescent emitter is preferably selected from the classes and embodiments of phosphorescent emitters indicated below. Furthermore, one or more further matrix materials are preferably present in the emitting layer in this case.

So-called mixed-matrix systems of this type preferably comprise two or three different matrix materials, particularly preferably two different matrix materials. It is preferred here for one of the two materials to be a material having hole-transporting properties and for the other material to be a material having electron-transporting properties. The compound of the formula (I) is preferably the material having hole-transporting properties.

However, the desired electron-transporting and hole-transporting properties of the mixed-matrix components may also be combined mainly or completely in a single mixed-matrix component, where the further mixed-matrix component or components satisfy other functions. The two different matrix materials may be present here in a ratio of 1:50 to 1:1, preferably 1:20 to 1:1, particularly preferably 1:10 to 1:1 and very particularly preferably 1:4 to 1:1. Mixed-matrix systems are preferably employed in phosphorescent organic electroluminescent devices. Further details on mixed-matrix systems are contained, inter alia, in the application WO 2010/108579.

Particularly suitable matrix materials which can be used as matrix components of a mixed-matrix system in combination with the compounds according to the invention are selected from the preferred matrix materials for phosphorescent emitters indicated below or the preferred matrix materials for fluorescent emitters, depending on what type of emitter compound is employed in the mixed-matrix system.

Generally preferred classes of material for use as corresponding functional materials in the organic electroluminescent devices according to the invention are indicated below.

Suitable phosphorescent emitters are, in particular, compounds which emit light, preferably in the visible region, on suitable excitation and in addition contain at least one atom having an atomic number greater than 20, preferably greater than 38 and less than 84, particularly preferably greater than 56 and less than 80. The phosphorescent emitters used are preferably compounds which contain copper, molybdenum, tungsten, rhenium, ruthenium, osmium, rhodium, iridium, palladium, platinum, silver, gold or europium, in particular compounds which contain iridium, platinum or copper.

For the purposes of the present invention, all luminescent iridium, platinum or copper complexes are regarded as phosphorescent compounds.

Examples of the phosphorescent emitters described above are revealed by the applications WO 2000/70655, WO 2001/41512, WO 2002/02714, WO 2002/15645, EP 1191613, EP 1191612, EP 1191614, WO 2005/033244, WO 2005/019373 and US 2005/0258742. In general, all phosphorescent complexes as used in accordance with the prior art for phosphorescent OLEDs and as are known to the person skilled in the art in the area of organic electroluminescent devices are suitable for use in the devices according to the invention. The person skilled in the art will also be able to employ further phosphorescent complexes without inventive step in combination with the compounds according to the invention in OLEDs. Preferred matrix materials for phosphorescent emitters are aromatic ketones, aromatic phosphine oxides or aromatic sulfoxides or sulfones, for example in accordance with WO 2004/013080, WO 2004/093207, WO 2006/005627 or WO 2010/006680, triarylamines, carbazole derivatives, for example CBP (N,N-biscarbazolylbiphenyl) or the carbazole derivatives disclosed in WO 2005/039246, US 2005/0069729, JP 2004/288381, EP 1205527 or WO 2008/086851, indolocarbazole derivatives, for example in accordance with WO 2007/063754 or WO 2008/056746, indenocarbazole derivatives, for example in accordance with WO 2010/136109, WO 2011/000455 or WO 2013/041176, azacarbazole derivatives, for example in accordance with EP 1617710, EP 1617711, EP 1731584, JP 2005/347160, bipolar matrix materials, for example in accordance with WO 2007/137725, silanes, for example in accordance with WO 2005/111172, azaboroles or boronic esters, for example in accordance with WO 2006/117052, triazine derivatives, for example in accordance with WO 2010/015306, WO 2007/063754 or WO 2008/056746, zinc complexes, for example in accordance with EP 652273 or WO 2009/062578, diazasilole or tetraazasilole derivatives, for example in accordance with WO 2010/054729, diazaphosphole derivatives, for example in accordance with WO 2010/054730, bridged carbazole derivatives, for example in accordance with US 2009/0136779, WO 2010/050778, WO 2011/042107, WO 2011/088877 or WO 2012/143080, triphenylene derivatives, for example in accordance with WO 2012/048781, or lactams, for example in accordance with WO 2011/116865 or WO 2011/137951.

Besides the compounds according to the invention, suitable charge-transport materials, as can be used in the hole-injection or hole-transport layer or electron-blocking layer or in the electron-transport layer of the electronic device according to the invention, are, for example, the compounds disclosed in Y. Shirota et al., Chem. Rev. 2007, 107(4), 953-1010, or other materials as are employed in these layers in accordance with the prior art.

Materials which can be used for the electron-transport layer are all materials as are used in accordance with the prior art as electron-transport materials in the electron-transport layer. Particularly suitable are aluminium complexes, for example Alq₃, zirconium complexes, for example Zrq₄, lithium complexes, for example Liq, benzimidazole derivatives, triazine derivatives, pyrimidine derivatives, pyridine derivatives, pyrazine derivatives, quinoxaline derivatives, quinoline derivatives, oxadiazole derivatives, aromatic ketones, lactams, boranes, diazaphosphole derivatives and phosphine oxide derivatives. Furthermore suitable materials are derivatives of the above-mentioned compounds, as disclosed in JP 2000/053957, WO 2003/060956, WO 2004/028217, WO 2004/080975 and WO 2010/072300.

Preferred hole-transport materials which can be used in a hole-transport, hole-injection or electron-blocking layer in the electroluminescent device according to the invention are indenofluorenamine derivatives (for example in accordance with WO 06/122630 or WO 06/100896), the amine derivatives disclosed in EP 1661888, hexaazatriphenylene derivatives (for example in accordance with WO 01/049806), amine derivatives containing condensed aromatic rings (for example in accordance with U.S. Pat. No. 5,061,569), the amine derivatives disclosed in WO 95/09147, monobenzoindenofluorenamines (for example in accordance with WO 08/006449), dibenzoindenofluorenamines (for example in accordance with WO 07/140847), spirobifluorenamines (for example in accordance with WO 2012/034627 or WO 2013/120577), fluorenamines (for example in accordance with the as yet unpublished applications EP 12005369.9, EP 12005370.7 and EP 12005371.5), spirodibenzopyranamines (for example in accordance with WO 2013/083216) and dihydroacridine derivatives (for example in accordance with WO 2012/150001). The compounds according to the invention can also be used as hole-transport materials.

The cathode of the organic electroluminescent device preferably comprises metals having a low work function, metal alloys or multilayered structures comprising various metals, such as, for example, alkaline-earth metals, alkali metals, main-group metals or lanthanoids (for example Ca, Ba, Mg, Al, In, Mg, Yb, Sm, etc.). Also suitable are alloys comprising an alkali metal or alkaline-earth metal and silver, for example an alloy comprising magnesium and silver. In the case of multilayered structures, further metals which have a relatively high work function, such as, for example, Ag or Al, can also be used in addition to the said metals, in which case combinations of the metals, such as, for example, Ca/Ag, Mg/Ag or Ag/Ag, are generally used. It may also be preferred to introduce a thin interlayer of a material having a high dielectric constant between a metallic cathode and the organic semiconductor. Suitable for this purpose are, for example, alkali metal fluorides or alkaline-earth metal fluorides, but also the corresponding oxides or carbonates (for example LiF, Li₂O, BaF₂, MgO, NaF, CsF, Cs₂CO₃, etc.). Furthermore, lithium quinolinate (LiQ) can be used for this purpose. The layer thickness of this layer is preferably between 0.5 and 5 nm.

The anode preferably comprises materials having a high work function. The anode preferably has a work function of greater than 4.5 eV vs. vacuum. Suitable for this purpose are on the one hand metals having a high redox potential, such as, for example, Ag, Pt or Au. On the other hand, metal/metal oxide electrodes (for example Al/Ni/NiO_(x), Al/PtO_(x)) may also be preferred. For some applications, at least one of the electrodes must be transparent or partially transparent in order to facilitate either irradiation of the organic material (organic solar cells) or the coupling-out of light (OLEDs, O-lasers). Preferred anode materials here are conductive mixed metal oxides. Particular preference is given to indium tin oxide (ITO) or indium zinc oxide (IZO). Preference is furthermore given to conductive, doped organic materials, in particular conductive doped polymers.

The device is appropriately (depending on the application) structured, provided with contacts and finally sealed, since the lifetime of the devices according to the invention is shortened in the presence of water and/or air.

In a preferred embodiment, the organic electroluminescent device according to the invention is characterised in that one or more layers are coated by means of a sublimation process, in which the materials are applied by vapour deposition in vacuum sublimation units at an initial pressure of less than 10⁻⁵ mbar, preferably less than 10⁻⁶ mbar. However, it is also possible here for the initial pressure to be even lower, for example less than 10⁻⁷ mbar.

Preference is likewise given to an organic electroluminescent device, characterised in that one or more layers are coated by means of the OVPD (organic vapour phase deposition) process or with the aid of carrier-gas sublimation, in which the materials are applied at a pressure of between 10⁻⁵ mbar and 1 bar. A special case of this process is the OVJP (organic vapour jet printing) process, in which the materials are applied directly through a nozzle and are thus structured (for example M. S. Arnold et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 2008, 92, 053301).

Preference is furthermore given to an organic electroluminescent device, characterised in that one or more layers are produced from solution, such as, for example, by spin coating, or by means of any desired printing process, such as, for example, screen printing, flexographic printing, nozzle printing or offset printing, but particularly preferably LITI (light induced thermal imaging, thermal transfer printing) or ink-jet printing. Soluble compounds of the formula (I) are necessary for this purpose. High solubility can be achieved through suitable substitution of the compounds.

Also possible are hybrid processes, in which, for example, one or more layers are applied from solution and one or more further layers are applied by vapour deposition. Thus, it is possible, for example, to apply the emitting layer from solution and to apply the electron-transport layer by vapour deposition.

These processes are generally known to the person skilled in the art and can be applied by him without inventive step to organic electroluminescent devices comprising the compounds according to the invention.

In accordance with the invention, the electronic devices comprising one or more compounds according to the invention can be employed in displays, as light sources in lighting applications and as light sources in medical and/or cosmetic applications (for example light therapy).

The invention will now be explained in greater detail by the following examples, without wishing to restrict it thereby.

A) SYNTHESES EXAMPLES

Following Building blocks can be used to synthesize compounds according to the invention:

Synthesis of Compound BB-001

30 g (97.5 mmol) 2-Bromo-7-Chloro-9,9-dimethyl-9H-fluorene (see JP 2003277305 A), 25.5 g (107.3 mmol) (9,9-dimethylfluoren-2-yl)boronic acid 90 g (390 mmol) potassium phoshate monohydrate, 0.9 g (4 mmol) palladium(II)acetate and 3.6 g (11.7 mmol) tri(o-tolyl)-phosphine are dissolved in 1 l toluene, dioxane, water (1:1:1) and stirred at reflux overnight. After cooling to room temperature 200 mL toluene is added and the organic phase is separated and washed with water (2×200 ml). The combined organic phases are concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue is purified by recrystallization from toluene/heptane. Yield: 39.1 g (93 mmol; 96%)

The following compounds can be synthesized in an analogous manner:

Compound Boronates Compound structure BB-002

Compound BB-003

40 g (95 mmol) BB-001, 38.6 g (152 mmol) bis-(pinacolato)-diboron, 4.2 g (5.7 mmol) trans-dichloro(tricyclohexylphosphine)palladium(II) and 28 g (285 mmol) potassium acetate are dissolved in 400 ml dioxane and stirred for 16 h at reflux. The reaction mixture is allowed to cool to room temperature and 400 ml toluene are added. The organic phase is separated, washed with water (2×200 mL) and filtered through Celite. The solution is concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure. The residue is purified by recrystallization from toluene/heptane.

Yield: 36 g (70 mmol; 74%)

The following compound can be synthesized in an analogous manner:

Starting Compound material Compound structure BB-004 BB-002

Compound BB-005

5.5 g (17.8 mmol) 2-Bromo-5-iodo-1,3-dimethylbenzene, 6.5 g (12.7 mmol) BB-003, 366 mg (0.3 mmol) tetrakis(triphenylphosphin)-palladium(0) and 2.7 g (13 mmol) sodium carbonate are dissolved in 200 ml toluene, ethanol and water (2:1:1) and stirred for 16 hours at 90° C. After cooling to room temperature, 100 ml toluene are added, the organic phase is separated and washed with water (2×50 ml). The organic phase is concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure. The residue is purified by recrystallization from toluene/heptane.

Yield: 6.2 g (11 mmol; 86%)

The following compound can be synthesized in an analogous manner:

Compound Educt A Educt B Product BB-006 BB-002 CAS 844856-42-4

BB-015 BB-004 CAS 23055-77-8

BB-016 BB-002 CAS 106-40-1

Compound BB-007:

The following compound can be synthesized in an analogous manner to BB-005:

Compound Educt A Educt B Product BB-007 CAS 1679-18-1 BB-004

Compounds BB-008 to BB-009:

Compounds BB-008 to BB-009 can be synthesized in an analogous manner to BB-003:

Compound Reactant Compound structure BB-008 BB-006

BB-009 BB-007

Compound BB-010:

12.2 g (37.3 mmol) bis-(4-bromo-phenyl)-amine, 55.5 g (78.4 mmol) BB-004, 37.8 g (164.2 mmol) potassiumphosphate monohydrate and 1.2 g (1.5 mmol) XPhos Pd Gen 3 (CAS 1445085-55-1) are added to 600 mL THF/water (2:1) and stirred at 65° C. After 16 h the mixture is cooled to room temperature diluted with toluene and H₂O. The organic phase is collected, the aqueous phase extracted further with toluene. The combined organics are washed with brine, collected, dried with Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated. The resulting residue is deposited in 1 L EtOH and stirred vigorously until a free flowing precipitate is formed. The precipitate is collected by filtration, washing with EtOH. The material is taken up in DCM and filtered through SiO₂. The filtrate is concentrated to dryness. Yield: 44.7 g (33.6 mmol; 90%)

The following compounds BB-011 to BB-012 can be synthesized in analogous manner:

Educt 1 Educt 2 Compound structure BB-011 BB-003

CAS 1383254-17-8 BB-012 BB-003 CAS 27996-13-0

BB-013 BB-008

CAS 16929-17-4 BB-014 BB-009

CAS 16929-17-4 BB-017 BB-016

CAS 106-40-1 BB-018 BB-004

CAS 1863111-68-5

Synthesis of Compounds According to the Invention:

Sample Synthesis of P-001

25.5 g (27.2 mmol) BB-010, 5.0 g (12.95 mmol) BB-500, 1.3 ml (1.3 mmol) tri-tert-butylphosphine (1M in toluene), 3.72 g (22.3 mmol) sodium-tert-butylate and 250.5 mg (1.11 mmol) palladium(II)diacetate are added to 750 ml toluene and stirred at 100° C. After 16 h the reaction mixture is allowed to cool down to room temperature, diluted with toluene and H₂O. The organic phase are collected, the aqueous phase extracted further with toluene. The combined organic phases are washed with brine, collected, dried with Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated. The resulting residue is dissolved in toluene and filtered through silica and concentrated. The precipitate is further purified by recrystallisation from toluene/heptane and tempering (250° C., <10⁻⁴ mbar).

Yield: 10.1 g (4.79 mmol; 37%)

The following compounds can be synthesized in analogous manner:

Synthesis of P-117

5.0 g (12.2 mmol) BB-529, 15.8 g (26.8 mmol) BB-002, 1.35 ml (1.35 mmol) tri-tert-butylphosphine (1M in toluene), 7.73 g (80.4 mmol) sodium-tert-butylate and 150.5 mg (0.67 mmol) palladium(II)-diacetate are added to 450 ml toluene and stirred at 100° C. After 16 h the reaction mixture is allowed to cool down to room temperature, diluted with toluene and H2O. The organic phase is collected, the aqueous phase extracted further with toluene. The combined organic phases are washed with brine, collected, dried with Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated. The resulting residue is dissolved in toluene and filtered through silica and concentrated. The precipitate is further purified by recrystallization from toluene/heptane and tempering (250° C., <10⁻⁴ mbar).

Yield: 4.2 g (3.5 mmol; 29%)

The following compounds can be synthesized in analogous manner:

B) FABRICATION OF OLEDS

The production of solution-based OLEDs has already been described many times in the literature, for example in WO 2004/037887 and WO 2010/097155. The process is adapted to the circumstances described below (layer-thickness variation, materials).

The inventive material combinations are used in the following layer sequence:

-   -   substrate,     -   ITO (50 nm),     -   Buffer (20 nm),     -   hole transport layer (20 nm),     -   emission layer (EML) (40 nm),     -   electron-transport layer (ETL) (20 nm),     -   electron injection layer (EIL) (3 nm),     -   cathode (Al) (100 nm).

Glass plates coated with structured ITO (indium tin oxide) in a thickness of 50 nm serve as substrate. These are coated with the buffer (PEDOT) Clevios P VP AI 4083 (Heraeus Clevios GmbH, Leverkusen). The spin coating of the buffer is carried out from water in air. The layer is subsequently dried by heating at 180° C. for 10 minutes. The hole transport layers and the emission layers are applied to the glass plates coated in this way.

The hole-transport layer is the polymer of the structure shown in Table 1, which was synthesised based on monomers in accordance with CAS 374934-77-7, WO2013156130 and WO2010/097155. The polymer is dissolved in toluene, so that the solution typically has a solid content of approx. 5 g/l if, as here, the layer thickness of 20 nm which is typical for a device is to be achieved by means of spin coating. The layers are applied by spin coating in an inert-gas atmosphere, in the present case argon, and dried by heating at 220° C. for 30 min.

The emission layer is composed of the matrix material (host material) H1 and the emitting dopant (emitter) D1. Both material are present in the emission layer in a proportion of 97% by weight H1 and 3% by weight D1. The mixture for the emission layer is dissolved in toluene. The solids content of such solutions is about 14 mg/ml if, as here, the layer thickness of 40 nm which is typical for a device is to be achieved by means of spin coating. The layers are applied by spin coating in an inert-gas atmosphere, and dried by heating at 120° C. for 10 minutes.The materials used in the present case are shown in table 1.

The materials for the electron-transport layer and the electron injection layer are likewise applied by thermal vapour deposition in a vacuum chamber and are shown in table 2. The electron-transport layer consists of the material ETM and the electron injection layer consists of LiQ. The cathode is formed by the thermal evaporation of an aluminium layer with a thickness of 100 nm.

TABLE 2 ETL and EIL materials used

ETM LiQ

The OLEDs are characterised by standard methods. For this purpose, the electroluminescence spectra are recorded, the current efficiency (measured in cd/A) and the external quantum efficiency (EQE, measured in percent) as a function of the luminous density assuming Lambert emission characteristics are calculated from current/voltage/luminous density characteristic lines (IUL characteristic lines). The electroluminescence spectra are recorded at a luminous density of 1000 cd/m², and the CIE 1931 x and y colour coordinates are calculated from this data. The term EQE1000 denotes the external quantum efficiency at an operating luminous density of 1000 cd/m².

The properties of the various OLEDs are summarised in table 3. Example V01, V02 and V03 are the comparative examples for the state-of-the-art, whereas E1, E2 and E3 show properties of OLEDs containing materials of the present invention.

TABLE 3 Device data of solution processed OLEDs EML EML Example host dopant EQE1000 [%] CIE x/y V01 H1 SdT1 3.8 0.14/0.10 V02 H1 SdT2 3.7 0.14/0.14 V03 H1 SdT3 3.0 0.17/0.15 E01 H1 D1 4.7 0.15/0.11 E02 H1 D2 4.7 0.14/0.15 E03 H1 D3 4.4 0.17/0.15

Table 3 shows, that use of materials (D1, D2 and D3) according to the present invention give rise to improvements over the prior art (SdT, SdT2 and SdT3) when used as fluorescent blue emitters, in particular with respect to efficiency. 

1. Compound of the formula (1),

where the following applies to the symbols and indices used: Ar⁴ stands for a group of formula (Ar4-1),

where the dashed bond in formula (Ar4-1) indicates the bonding to the structure of formula (1); G is a condensed aryl group having 10 to 50 aromatic ring atoms, which may in each case be substituted by one or more radicals R²; Ar¹, Ar² and Ar³ stand on each occurrence, identically or differently, for Ar⁴, or for an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system having 5 to 60 aromatic ring atoms, which may in each case be substituted by one or more radicals R³; Ar^(S) is on each occurrence, identically or differently, an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system having 5 to 40 aromatic ring atoms, which may in each case also be substituted by one or more radicals R³; Ar⁵, Ar⁶ stand on each occurrence, identically or differently, for an aryl or heteroaryl group having 5 to 18 aromatic ring atoms, which may in each case be substituted by one or more radicals R⁴; X stands for CR¹ or N; or X stands for C, if it is bonded to Ar⁵, Ar⁶, R⁴ or to an adjacent fluorene derivative unit; R, R⁰, R¹, R², R³, R⁴ stand on each occurrence, identically or differently, for H, D, F, Cl, Br, I, CHO, CN, N(Ar⁷)₂, C(═O)Ar⁷, P(═O)(Ar⁷)₂, S(═O)Ar⁷, S(═O)₂Ar⁷, NO₂, Si(R⁵)₃, B(OR⁵)₂, OSO₂R⁵, a straight-chain alkyl, alkoxy or thioalkyl groups having 1 to 40 C atoms or branched or a cyclic alkyl, alkoxy or thioalkyl groups having 3 to 40 C atoms, each of which may be substituted by one or more radicals R⁵, where in each case one or more non-adjacent CH₂ groups may be replaced by R⁵C═CR⁵, C≡C, Si(R⁵)₂, Ge(R⁵)₂, Sn(R⁵)₂, C═O, C═S, C═Se, P(═O)(R⁵), SO, SO₂, O, S or CONR⁵ and where one or more H atoms may be replaced by D, F, Cl, Br, I, CN or NO₂, an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring systems having 5 to 60 aromatic ring atoms, which may in each case be substituted by one or more radicals R⁵, or an aryloxy groups having 5 to 40 aromatic ring atoms, which may be substituted by one or more radicals R⁵, where two adjacent substituents R, two adjacent substituents R⁰, two adjacent substituents R¹, two adjacent substituents R², two adjacent substituents R³ and/or two adjacent substituents R⁴, may form a mono- or polycyclic, aliphatic ring system or aromatic ring system, which may be substituted by one or more radicals R⁵; R⁵ stands on each occurrence, identically or differently, for H, D, F, Cl, Br, I, CHO, CN, N(Ar⁷)₂, C(═O)Ar⁷, P(═O)(Ar⁷)₂, S(═O)Ar⁷, S(═O)₂Ar⁷, NO₂, Si(R⁶)₃, B(OR⁶)₂, OSO₂R⁶, a straight-chain alkyl, alkoxy or thioalkyl groups having 1 to 40 C atoms or branched or cyclic alkyl, alkoxy or thioalkyl groups having 3 to 40 C atoms, each of which may be substituted by one or more radicals R⁶, where in each case one or more non-adjacent CH2 groups may be replaced by R⁶C═CR⁶, C≡C, Si(R⁶)₂, Ge(R⁶)₂, Sn(R⁶)₂, C═O, C═S, C═Se, P(═O)(R⁶), SO, SO₂, O, S or CONR⁶ and where one or more H atoms may be replaced by D, F, Cl, Br, I, CN or NO₂, an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring systems having 5 to 60 aromatic ring atoms, which may in each case be substituted by one or more radicals R⁶, or an aryloxy group having 5 to 60 aromatic ring atoms, which may be substituted by one or more radicals R⁶, where two adjacent substituents R⁵ may form a mono- or polycyclic, aliphatic ring system or aromatic ring system, which may be substituted by one or more radicals R⁶; Ar⁷ is an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system having 5 to 24 aromatic ring atoms, which may in each case also be substituted by one or more radicals R⁶; R⁶ stands on each occurrence, identically or differently, for H, D, F, Cl, Br, I, CN, a straight-chain alkyl, alkoxy or thioalkyl groups having 1 to 20 C atoms or branched or cyclic alkyl, alkoxy or thioalkyl groups having 3 to 20 C atoms, where in each case one or more non-adjacent CH₂ groups may be replaced by SO, SO₂, O, S and where one or more H atoms may be replaced by D, F, Cl, Br or I, or an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system having 5 to 24 C atoms; n is equal to 0 or 1; r is equal to 0, 1 or 2; m, q are, identically or differently, an integer selected from 1 to 10; p, s are on each occurrence, identically or differently, an integer selected from 0 to 10; with the proviso that, if the group G is a pyrene group, then the compound of formula (1) bears at least one group R, R⁰, R² or R³, which stands for a straight-chain alkyl group having 3 to 40 C atoms or a branched or cyclic alkyl group having 3 to 40 C atoms, each of which may be substituted by one or more radicals R⁶.
 2. Compound according to claim 1, characterized in that wherein s is an integer selected from 1 to
 10. 3. Compound according to claim 1, selected from compounds of formulae (2) to (5),

where the symbols and indices have the same meaning as in claim
 1. 4. Compound according to claim 1, wherein Ar⁵ and Ar⁶ are selected, identically or differently, from the group consisting of the groups of formulae (Ar5-1) to (Ar5-26),

where the dashed bonds indicate the bonding to the adjacent groups as depicted in formula (1); the groups of formulae (Ar5-1) to (Ar5-26) may be substituted at each free position by a group R⁴, which has the same meaning as in claim 1; and E¹ is selected from —B(R⁰—), —C(R⁰)₂—, —C(R⁰)₂—C(R⁰)₂—, —Si(R⁰)₂—, —C(═O)—, —C(═NR⁰)—, —C═(C(R⁰))₂—, —O—, —S—, —S(═O)—, —SO₂—, —N(R⁰)—, —P(R⁰)— and —P((═O)R⁰)—, where the substituent R⁰ has the same meaning as in claim
 1. 5. Compound according to claim 1, wherein Ar⁵ and Ar⁶ are selected, identically or differently, from the group consisting of the groups of formulae (Ar5-27) to (Ar5-35),

where the dashed bonds indicate the bonding to the adjacent groups depicted in formula (1); the groups of formulae (Ar5-27) to (Ar5-35) may be substituted at each free position by a group R⁴, which has the same meaning as in claim 1; and the substituent E¹ in formulae (Ar5-28) to (Ar5-30) is selected from —B(R^(0—)), —C(R⁰)₂—, —C(R⁰)₂—C(R⁰)₂—, —Si(R⁰)₂—, —C(═O)—, —C(═NR⁰)—, —C═(C(R⁰))₂—, —O—, —S—, —S(═O)—, —SO₂—, —N(R⁰)—, —P(R⁰)— and —P((═O)R⁰)—.
 6. Compound according to claim 1, wherein the group Ar⁴ is selected from the groups of formula (Ar4-2) to (Ar4-6),

where the dashed bond indicate the bonding to the structure of formula (1) and where the symbols and indices X, R, R⁰, R⁴, Ar⁶, m, p, q and s have the same meaning as in claim 1 and the symbol E¹ is selected from —B(R^(0—)), —C(R⁰)₂—, —C(R⁰)₂—C(R⁰)₂—, —Si(R⁰)₂—, —C(═O)—, —C(═NR⁰)—, —C═(C(R⁰))₂—, —O—, —S—, —S(═O)—, —SO₂—, —N(R⁰)—, —P(R⁰)— and —P((═O)R⁰)—.
 7. Compound according to claim 1, wherein m and q are on each occurrence, identically or differently, equal to 1, 2 or
 3. 8. Compound according to claim 1, wherein the group G is selected from the group consisting of naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene, tetracene, chrysene, benzophenanthracene, pyrene, perylene, triphenylene, benzopyrene, fluoranthene, each of which may be substituted by one or more radicals R² at any free positions.
 9. Compound according to claim 1, wherein n is equal to 1 and the group G is selected from the group consisting of the groups of formulae (G-1) to (G-11),

where the dashed bonds indicate the bonding to the adjacent groups as depicted in formula (1); and the groups of formulae (G-1) to (G-11) may be substituted at each free position by a group R², which has the same meaning as in claim
 1. 10. Compound according to claim 9, wherein the group G is selected from the groups of formulae (G-12) to (G-23),

where the dashed bonds indicate the bonding to adjacent groups as depicted in formula (1) and where R² has the same meaning as in claim
 1. 11. Compound according to claim 9, wherein the group G is selected from the groups of formulae (G-24) to (G-39),

where the dashed bonds indicate the bonding to the adjacent group as depicted in formula (1) and where R² has the same meaning as in claim
 1. 12. Compound according to claim 1, wherein R² stands on each occurrence, identically or differently, for H, D, F, a straight-chain alkyl group having 1 to 10 C atoms or branched or a cyclic alkyl groups having 3 to 10 C atoms, each of which may be substituted by one or more radicals R⁵, an aromatic ring systems having 5 to 30 aromatic ring atoms, which may in each case be substituted by one or more radicals R⁵, where two adjacent substituents R² may form a mono- or polycyclic, aliphatic ring system or aromatic ring system, which may be substituted by one or more radicals R⁵, where R⁵ has the same meaning as in claim
 1. 13. Compound according to claim 1, wherein Ar^(S) is selected from benzene, biphenyl, naphthalene, fluorene, dibenzofuran, dibenzothiophene or carbazole, each of which may be substituted by one or more radicals R³.
 14. Formulation comprising at least one compound according to claim 1 and at least one solvent.
 15. Electronic device comprising at least one compound according to claim 1, selected from the group consisting of organic electroluminescent devices, organic integrated circuits, organic field-effect transistors, organic thin-film transistors, organic light-emitting transistors, organic solar cells, dye-sensitised organic solar cells, organic optical detectors, organic photoreceptors, organic field-quench devices, light-emitting electrochemical cells, organic laser diodes and organic plasmon emitting devices.
 16. Electronic device according to claim 15, which is an organic electroluminescent device, wherein the compound according to claim 1 is a fluorescent emitter or a matrix material for fluorescent emitters.
 17. Compound of the formulae (2) to (5),

where the following applies to the symbols and indices used: Ar⁴ stands for a group of formula (Ar4-1),

where the dashed bond in formula (Ar4-1) indicates the bonding to the structure of formula (1); G is a condensed aryl group having 10 to 50 aromatic ring atoms, which may in each case be substituted by one or more radicals R²; Ar^(l) and Ar³ stand on each occurrence, identically or differently, for Ar⁴, or for an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system having 5 to 60 aromatic ring atoms, which may in each case be substituted by one or more radicals R³; Ar^(s) is on each occurrence, identically or differently, an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system having 5 to 40 aromatic ring atoms, which may in each case also be substituted by one or more radicals R³; Ar⁵, Ar⁶ stand on each occurrence, identically or differently, for an aryl or heteroaryl group having 5 to 18 aromatic ring atoms, which may in each case be substituted by one or more radicals R⁴; X stands for CR¹ or N; or X stands for C, if it is bonded to Ar⁵, Ar⁶, R⁴ or to an adjacent fluorene derivative unit; R, R⁰, R¹, R², R³, R⁴ stand on each occurrence, identically or differently, for H, D, F, Cl, Br, I, CHO, CN, N(Ar⁷)₂, —C(═O)Ar⁷, P(═O)(Ar⁷)₂, S(═O)Ar⁷, S(═O)₂Ar⁷, NO₂, Si(R⁵)₃, B(OR⁵)₂, OSO₂R⁵, a straight-chain alkyl, alkoxy or thioalkyl groups having 1 to 40 C atoms or branched or a cyclic alkyl, alkoxy or thioalkyl groups having 3 to 40 C atoms, each of which may be substituted by one or more radicals R⁵, where in each case one or more non-adjacent CH₂ groups may be replaced by R⁵C═CR⁵, C≡C, Si(R⁵)₂, Ge(R⁵)₂, Sn(R⁵)₂, C═O, C═S, C═Se, P(═O)(R⁵), SO, SO₂, O, S or CONR⁵ and where one or more H atoms may be replaced by D, F, Cl, Br, I, CN or NO₂, an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring systems having 5 to 60 aromatic ring atoms, which may in each case be substituted by one or more radicals R⁵, or an aryloxy groups having 5 to 40 aromatic ring atoms, which may be substituted by one or more radicals R⁵, where two adjacent substituents R, two adjacent substituents R⁰, two adjacent substituents R¹, two adjacent substituents R², two adjacent substituents R³ and/or two adjacent substituents R⁴, may form a mono- or polycyclic, aliphatic ring system or aromatic ring system, which may be substituted by one or more radicals R⁵; R⁵ stands on each occurrence, identically or differently, for H, D, F, Cl, Br, I, CHO, CN, N(Ar⁷)₂, C(═O)Ar⁷, P(═O)(Ar⁷)₂, S(═O)Ar⁷, S(═O)₂Ar⁷, NO₂, Si(R⁶)₃, B(OR⁶)₂, OSO₂R⁶, a straight-chain alkyl, alkoxy or thioalkyl groups having 1 to 40 C atoms or branched or cyclic alkyl, alkoxy or thioalkyl groups having 3 to 40 C atoms, each of which may be substituted by one or more radicals R⁶, where in each case one or more non-adjacent CH₂ groups may be replaced by R⁶C═CR⁶, C≡C, Si(R⁶)₂, Ge(R⁶)₂, Sn(R⁶)₂, C═O, C═S, C═Se, P(═O)(R⁶), SO, SO₂, O, S or CONR⁶ and where one or more H atoms may be replaced by D, F, Cl, Br, I, CN or NO2, an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring systems having 5 to 60 aromatic ring atoms, which may in each case be substituted by one or more radicals R⁶, or an aryloxy group having 5 to 60 aromatic ring atoms, which may be substituted by one or more radicals R⁶, where two adjacent substituents R⁵ may form a mono- or polycyclic, aliphatic ring system or aromatic ring system, which may be substituted by one or more radicals R⁶; Ar⁷ is an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system having 5 to 24 aromatic ring atoms, which may in each case also be substituted by one or more radicals R⁶; R⁶ stands on each occurrence, identically or differently, for H, D, F, Cl, Br, I, CN, a straight-chain alkyl, alkoxy or thioalkyl groups having 1 to 20 C atoms or branched or cyclic alkyl, alkoxy or thioalkyl groups having 3 to 20 C atoms, where in each case one or more non-adjacent CH₂ groups may be replaced by SO, SO₂, O, S and where one or more H atoms may be replaced by D, F, Cl, Br or I, or an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system having 5 to 24 C atoms; n is equal to 0 or 1; r is equal to 0, 1 or 2; m, q are, identically or differently, an integer selected from 1 to 10; p is on each occurrence, identically or differently, an integer selected from 0 to 10; s is on each occurrence, identically or differently, an integer selected from 1 to 10; with the proviso that, if the group G is a pyrene group, then the compound of formula (1) bears at least one group R, R⁰, R² or R³, which stands for a straight-chain alkyl group having 3 to 40 C atoms or a branched or cyclic alkyl group having 3 to 40 C atoms, each of which may be substituted by one or more radicals R⁶.
 18. Compound according to claim 17, wherein the group Ar4 is selected from the groups of formula (Ar4-2) to (Ar4-6),

where the dashed bond indicate the bonding to the structure of formula (1) and where the symbol E¹ is selected from —B(R^(0—)), —C(R⁰)₂—, —C(R⁰)₂—C(R⁰)₂—, —Si(R⁰)₂—, —C(═O)—, —C(═NR⁰))—, —C═(C(R⁰))₂—, —O—, —S—, —S(═O)—, —SO₂—, —N(R⁰)—, —P(R⁰)— and —P((═O)R⁰)—.
 19. Compound of the formula (1),

where the following applies to the symbols and indices used: Ar⁴ stands for a group of formula (Ar⁴-1),

where the dashed bond in formula (Ar4-1) indicates the bonding to the structure of formula (1); G is selected from the group consisting of the groups of formulae (G-1) to (G-11),

where the dashed bonds indicate the bonding to the adjacent groups as depicted in formula (1); and the groups of formulae (G-1) to (G-11) may be substituted at each free position by a group R²; Ar^(l), Ar^(e) and Ar³ stand on each occurrence, identically or differently, for Ar⁴, or for an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system having 5 to 60 aromatic ring atoms, which may in each case be substituted by one or more radicals R³; Ar^(S) is on each occurrence, identically or differently, an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system having 5 to 40 aromatic ring atoms, which may in each case also be substituted by one or more radicals R³; Ar⁵, Ar⁶ stand on each occurrence, identically or differently, for an aryl or heteroaryl group having 5 to 18 aromatic ring atoms, which may in each case be substituted by one or more radicals R⁴; X stands for CR¹ or N; or X stands for C, if it is bonded to Ar⁵, Ar⁶, R⁴ or to an adjacent fluorene derivative unit; R, R⁰, R¹, R³, R⁴ stand on each occurrence, identically or differently, for H, D, F, Cl, Br, I, CHO, CN, N(Ar⁷)₂, C(═O)Ar⁷, P(═O)(Ar⁷)₂, S(═O)Ar⁷, S(═O)₂Ar⁷, NO₂, Si(R⁵)₃, B(OR⁵)₂, OSO₂R⁵, a straight-chain alkyl, alkoxy or thioalkyl groups having 1 to 40 C atoms or branched or a cyclic alkyl, alkoxy or thioalkyl groups having 3 to 40 C atoms, each of which may be substituted by one or more radicals R⁵, where in each case one or more non-adjacent CH₂ groups may be replaced by R⁵C═CR⁵, C≡C, Si(R⁵)₂, Ge(R⁵)₂, Sn(R⁵)₂, C═O, C═S, C═Se, P(═O)(R⁵), SO, SO₂, O, S or CONR⁵ and where one or more H atoms may be replaced by D, F, Cl, Br, I, CN or NO₂, an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring systems having 5 to 60 aromatic ring atoms, which may in each case be substituted by one or more radicals R⁵, or an aryloxy groups having 5 to 40 aromatic ring atoms, which may be substituted by one or more radicals R⁵, where two adjacent substituents R, two adjacent substituents R⁰, two adjacent substituents R¹, two adjacent substituents R², two adjacent substituents R³ and/or two adjacent substituents R⁴, may form a mono- or polycyclic, aliphatic ring system or aromatic ring system, which may be substituted by one or more radicals R⁵; R² stands on each occurence, identically or differently, for H, D, F, a straight-chain alkyl group having 1 to 10 C atoms or branched or a cyclic alkyl groups having 3 to 10 C atoms, each of which may be substituted by one or more radicals R⁵, an aromatic ring systems having 5 to 30 aromatic ring atoms, which may in each case be substituted by one or more radicals R⁵, where two adjacent substituents R² may form a mono- or polycyclic, aliphatic ring system or aromatic ring system, which may be substituted by one or more radicals R⁵ R⁵ stands on each occurrence, identically or differently, for H, D, F, Cl, Br, I, CHO, CN, N(Ar⁷)₂, C(═O)Ar⁷, P(═O)(Ar⁷)₂, S(═O)Ar⁷, S(═O)₂Ar⁷, NO₂, Si(R⁶)₃, B(OR⁶)₂, OSO₂R⁶, a straight-chain alkyl, alkoxy or thioalkyl groups having 1 to 40 C atoms or branched or cyclic alkyl, alkoxy or thioalkyl groups having 3 to 40 C atoms, each of which may be substituted by one or more radicals R⁶, where in each case one or more non-adjacent CH₂ groups may be replaced by R⁶C═CR⁶, C≡C, Si(R⁶)₂, Ge(R⁶)₂, Sn(R⁶)₂, C═O, C═S, C═Se, P(═O)(R⁶), SO, SO₂, O, S or CONR⁶ and where one or more H atoms may be replaced by D, F, Cl, Br, I, CN or NO₂, an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring systems having 5 to 60 aromatic ring atoms, which may in each case be substituted by one or more radicals R⁶, or an aryloxy group having 5 to 60 aromatic ring atoms, which may be substituted by one or more radicals R⁶, where two adjacent substituents R⁵ may form a mono- or polycyclic, aliphatic ring system or aromatic ring system, which may be substituted by one or more radicals R⁶; Ar⁷ is an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system having 5 to 24 aromatic ring atoms, which may in each case also be substituted by one or more radicals R⁶; R⁶ stands on each occurrence, identically or differently, for H, D, F, Cl, Br, I, CN, a straight-chain alkyl, alkoxy or thioalkyl groups having 1 to 20 C atoms or branched or cyclic alkyl, alkoxy or thioalkyl groups having 3 to 20 C atoms, where in each case one or more non-adjacent CH₂ groups may be replaced by SO, SO₂, O, S and where one or more H atoms may be replaced by D, F, Cl, Br or I, or an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system having 5 to 24 C atoms; n is equal to 0 or 1; r is equal to 0, 1 or 2; m, q are, identically or differently, an integer selected from 1 to 10; p, s are on each occurrence, identically or differently, an integer selected from 0 to 10; with the proviso that, if the group G is a pyrene group, then the compound of formula (1) bears at least one group R, R⁰, R² or R³, which stands for a straight-chain alkyl group having 3 to 40 C atoms or a branched or cyclic alkyl group having 3 to 40 C atoms, each of which may be substituted by one or more radicals R⁶.
 20. Compound of claim 19, wherein Ar^(s) is selected from benzene, biphenyl, naphthalene, fluorene, dibenzofuran, dibenzothiophene or carbazole, each of which may be substituted by one or more radicals R³. 